• Do I need to chase EOS® with water?
    EOS® is designed to be easily emplaced throughout the aquifer treatment zone. We have found that using chase water reduces labor costs. Increasing the dilution rate of the concentrate has the same effect as water chase. Instead of diluting the concentrate 4:1 with water and using a water chase, you could simply increase the dilution with no follow-up water chase. By using chase water, the system can be automated to deliver potable water into the subsurface. A low-pressure feed of potable water does not require onsite supervision; an injected dilute emulsion, however, should be monitored. Either method meets the design requirement.
  • Can EOS® be used in a recirculation system?
    There are numerous sites where recirculation has been used during the injection of EOS®. Recirculation during injection offers the advantages of using an available on-site water supply to generate groundwater flow gradients to draw EOS® through the aquifer.
  • Have regulators accepted EOS®?

    Yes. EOS® is a natural, food-grade substrate and can be produced with Non-GMO (non-genetically-modified-organisms) vegetable oil.

    To date our EOS® remediation products have been used in: USA, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hungry, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Taiwan, Indonesia and UK.

  • How do I prevent migration of EOS® outside (downgradient) of the intended remediation area?
    We have found that EOS® does not migrate a significant distance away from the injection point. Once the injection process stops, the driving force ceases and EOS®, by design, sorbs to the aquifer materials and does not continue to migrate with groundwater.

    Downgradient monitoring using visual indicators (such as breakthrough into downgradient performance monitoring wells), or increases in total organic carbon (TOC) can be used to evaluate how far EOS    ® has moved through the aquifer.

    Recirculation is another way to provide hydraulic control during injection or to move EOS    ® in a particular direction or distance in the subsurface.
  • What groundwater parameters should I monitor after injection of EOS®?

    Your monitoring program may be specified for your site by the regulatory agency with site jurisdiction. At a minimum, your monitoring program should incorporate the contaminants of concern and reduction-oxidation (REDOX) potential.  Field parameters including pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen are also recommended.  Apparent turbidity, observed as a faint white tint, can sometimes be used as a visual indicator of EOS® presence.

    A more detailed monitoring program could include inorganic compounds (e.g., nitrate and sulfate), metals (e.g., iron and manganese), total organic carbon, light hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethane, ethene) and possibly volatile fatty acids. Increasingly complex sites could also monitor for phospholipids fatty acids and a variety of Molecular Biology Tools that would include population counts for Dehalococcoides ssp., other dehalogenating microorganisms, and functional genes.